VP 772F11A-HV-R

VP 772F11A-HV-R

MAGNETIC BEAD SEPARATION RACK, Top Rack of the VP 772F11A-HV, 24 Flip Top Microcentrifuge Tubes, 1.5mL or 2.0mL Volume

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MAGNETIC BEAD SEPARATION RACK, Top Rack of the VP 772F11A-HV, 24 Flip Top Microcentrifuge Tubes, 1.5mL or 2.0mL Volume, Low Position, 18mm Center Spacing in X, 19mm Center Spacing in Y, 11.1mm Hole Diameter, PLA

Material

PLA

Volume

0.2mL, 0.5mL

No of Tubes

24

Magnetic Bead Separation Racks and Devices for Bottles, Tubes and Micro-tubes:

V&P has developed over 37 different Magnetic Bead Separation Racks and devices for bottles, tubes, and micro-tubes, of nearly every description and covering the following range of rack size and vessel size.

  • Single tube or bottle devices
  • 4 tube or bottle racks, 6 tube rack, 8 tube rack, 10 tube rack, 12 tube rack, 14 tube rack, 16 tube rack, and a 24 tube rack,
  • Bottle volumes of 100 ml, 500 ml, 1,000 ml, 2,000 ml and 5,000ml
  • Tube volumes of 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, 20 ml, and 50 ml
  • Micro-tube volumes of 0.2 ml, 0.5 ml, 1.5 ml and 2.0 ml

Match the Bottle, Tube or Micro-tube to the Magnetic Bead Separation Device:

It is important to match the right magnetic bead separation device with your particular bottle or tube.  There are many characteristics of bottles and tubes that will affect where and how tightly the magnetic beads are pelleted:

  • The thickness of the bottle or tube wall will determine how tightly the pellet is held.
  • The smoothness of the interior surface will determine if beads will get trapped in crevices.
  • The geometry of the vessel.
  • The diameter of the vessel will determine how strong the magnets need to be.
  • The shape and angle of the tube bottom will affect the angle of placement of the magnet.
  • Your protocol will determine where the pellet should be located.

All of the above features are very important, and we have dealt with all of them over the course of the last 10 years that is why we say “choose your bottle or tube wisely before you launch a new assay protocol”.  With our large selection of magnetic separation devices, we can help you make the best decision for your application.  We are happy to share our knowledge with you.

Magnetic Beads:

We also consider the magnetic beads or particles you are using:

  • Size of the beads
  • Magnetic Moment
  • Concentration

We may be able to suggest a specific product for your application. If the speed of separation is important to you, larger magnetic bead particles with greater magnetic moment will separate faster rather than weaker smaller particles.

Magnetic Bead Separation Location:

Depending on your protocol, you may want the beads to be collected:

  • On the side of the wells
  • High up the well
  • Low down the well
  • Or both high and low in the same Magnetic Separation device depending on different processes, elution, or wash volumes
  • Directly in the bottom center of the well
  • On the bottom outside ring of the well
  • The mass or volume of the beads to be pelleted also determines which device is best
  • The volume of supernatant and the method of removal (decanting, needle aspiration, or pipetting) are also important considerations

Magnetic Field Orientation and Strength:

The magnetic field orientation of adjacent magnets has a force multiplying effect (Halbach effect) and results in the magnetic beads being more tightly held:

  • We use Halbach arrays in several of our designs to improve pelleting
  • The normal magnetic field strength of the magnet also affects how tightly the beads are held
  • How close the magnet is placed to the magnetic beads also affects how tightly the beads are held

Types of Supernatant Separation – Aspiration or Removal:

More commonly, magnetic beads are separated by aspiration using pipet tips and then washed. By using pipet tips, it is important to keep the beads away from the pipet. This is why bead pellet location and how tightly it is magnetically held are so important.  Similar consideration also applies to needle aspiration used in automatic plate washers.

V&P Scientific was the first to develop the Flick and Blot system for removing supernatant solutions from magnetic bead pellets. These devices allow for the microplate to be fixed to the magnet plate. You can then pick up the entire device and “Flick” out the supernatant into a sink or other container. This is a fast, economical way of removing a non-toxic supernatant from your microplates while still retaining your magnetic beads in the microplate for more rounds of washing.

Recently V&P Scientific developed a different method to separate the supernatant from the magnetic beads by using a 96 magnetic pin replicator (VP 407AM-N1) that is submerged into the wells and will remove the beads from the microplate and leave the supernatant behind in the microplate. Using a PCR plate as a shield, you can use our handheld magnetic pin tool device to move the beads from one microplate to another. This will save you time as it only takes a few seconds.  It will also save you money as no expensive pipet tips are needed, all you need is an inexpensive PCR plate.

Advantages of V&P Scientific’s Magnetic Separation Devices
  • The largest number of devices produced by any manufacturer
  • The greatest variety of devices to fit all Microplates
  • Greatest variety for pellet location
  • Strongest Magnets available in many different sizes
  • Versions made for both BioTek and Tecan Hydroflex microplate washing systems
  • Offered with and without an adjustable microplate registration system for precise alignment
  • Different colored separation blocks for easy visualization (white, red, green, or gold)
  • Custom Magnetic Separation Devices are not a problem
  • Flexibility is our specialty

Accessories

See our accessories for aspirating supernatants, adding wash solutions, and for keeping magnetic beads uniformly in suspension prior to adding to microplate wells.  Recently we have developed a new SpinVesselTM method that keeps magnetic beads in uniform suspension for aliquoting into microplates.

Applications for Magnetic Bead Separation Racks for Micro-tubes, Tubes, and Bottles

Since the introduction of Magnetic Beads as a method to separate bound from unbound ligands the applications and variation of Magnetic Bead Assays has soared exponentially, and they are literally too numerous to count.  Magnetic Bead Separation Assays have rapidly replaced the slower and more cumbersome techniques of absorption (ELISA), centrifugation, and filtration separation methods.  In addition, Magnetic Bead assays have increased the recovery of the sample and its purity with fewer wash steps.

Magnetic Beads have been successfully coupled to antibodies, antigens, proteins, viruses, bacteria, fungi, Ligands, DNA, RNA, Avidin, Streptavidin, Biotin, staphylococcal protein A and the list goes on….  Furthermore, these Magnetic beads have also been directly labeled with radioisotopes, enzymes, dyes, fluorescent compounds, and complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) and quantum dots (QD) for direct detection with biosensors resulting in even more capability and multiplexing opportunities.

This said Magnetic Bead Separation assays are the clear and obvious method of choice for the foreseeable future.  V&P Scientific will work with developers of new Magnetic Bead assays to provide the perfect Magnetic Bead Separation device. We have already developed over 100 devices and perfected 72 different Magnetic Bead Separation devices for microplates and 29 for micro-tubes, test tubes, and bottles.  Many of these are sold on an OEM basis to both diagnostic companies and plate washing companies.

List of Applications for our Magnetic Bead Separation Blocks or Racks

  1. DNA isolation for sequencing of genomes for identification of disease states
  2. Diagnostic assays for disease-causing organisms
  3. DNA clean-up prior to assay or PCR
  4. Categorization of crops and animals in agriculture
  5. RNA extraction from cells for cancer detection
  6. RNA extraction from cells to analyze cell functions
  7. RNA extraction from cells for Gene Expression Profiling
  8. RNASeq assays used in biomicrofluidic lab-on-a-microchip technologies
  9. Purification and screening of antibodies, proteins, antigens, and peptides
  10. Glycan analysis with Thermo Glycan Analysis mag bead kit
  11. Isolate DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue
  12. Cell selection or sorting
  13. Retaining carryover magnetic beads when aspirating from deep well microplates

 

Compatible with the following microplate washers:
  1. BioTek plate washer ELx405
  2. Tecan Hydrospeed plate washer

 

Compatible with the following magnetic beads:
  1. Beckman Coulter AMPURE
  2. Beckman Coulter SPRI
  3. Luminex xMAP
  4. Promega
  5. Dynabeads
  6. MACHEREY-NAGEL
  7. MagSi-S
  8. PureProteome

 

 Related Products:

We have also developed new devices for keeping magnetic beads in uniform suspension while being pipetted into microplates.  See our new SpinVessel® System for dispensing uniform suspensions of magnetic beads which has the advantage of operating with larger total volumes of magnetic beads and yet leave very little dead volume in the vessel. We have also recently developed a new MagWash® System for washing Magnetic beads or concentrating dilute analytes.

See our older Sealed Bearing Magnetic Bead Suspension Reservoirs and Tumble Stirrer Magnetic Bead Suspension Reservoirs.

Related Products

Hydrophobic Coated vs Non-Coated Pin Transfers

Solid Pin Delivery Data For Aqueous Solutions In 96 Format With Uncoated And /Ah Hydrophobic Coated Pins
PinDescriptionnl TransferredCV%
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Total PinUncoated7.412.4
Hydrophobic7.465.4
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Hanging DropUncoatedN/AN/A
Hydrophobic2.093.8
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Total PinUncoated33.483.2
Hydrophobic28.177.5
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Hanging DropUncoated16.964.5
Hydrophobic8.510.8
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Total PinUncoated87.323.9
Hydrophobic77.43.9
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Hanging DropUncoated48.771.2
Hydrophobic43.059.4
1.19 mm diameter  (VP 409 & VP 386)Total PinUncoated247.222.8
Hydrophobic192.672.6
1.19 mm diameter (VP 409 & VP 386)Hanging DropUncoated76.351.6
Hydrophobic108.42.8
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Total PinUncoated273.54.6
Hydrophobic259.253.1
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Hanging DropUncoated201.935
Hydrophobic170.047.5

Transfer Of Horseradish Peroxidase In Tris Buffered Saline With Pin Tools

Conclusion

Coating pins will reduce the total amount of liquid transferred and also reduce the amount of non-specific binding to the stainless-steel pins. If the substance you are transferring has high non-specific binding this will be an important factor in selecting your pins.

Slot Pin Delivery Data For Aqueous Solutions In 96 Format With Uncoated And /Ah Hydrophobic Coated Pin
PinDescriptionnl TransferredCV%
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Total PinUncoated7.412.4
Hydrophobic7.465.4
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Hanging DropUncoatedN/AN/A
Hydrophobic2.093.8
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Total PinUncoated33.483.2
Hydrophobic28.177.5
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Hanging DropUncoated16.964.5
Hydrophobic8.510.8
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Total PinUncoated87.323.9
Hydrophobic77.43.9
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Hanging DropUncoated48.771.2
Hydrophobic43.059.4
1.19 mm diameter  (VP 409 & VP 386)Total PinUncoated247.222.8
Hydrophobic192.672.6
1.19 mm diameter (VP 409 & VP 386)Hanging DropUncoated76.351.6
Hydrophobic108.42.8
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Total PinUncoated273.54.6
Hydrophobic259.253.1
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Hanging DropUncoated201.935
Hydrophobic170.047.5

Transfer Of Horseradish Peroxidase In Tris Buffered Saline With Pin Tools

Conclusion

Although the slots in the pin are a precise volume, the liquid that is transferred is usually more. The reason for this is due to the surface tension of the liquid causing the liquid in the slot to “bow out” thus increasing the volume of the liquid in the slot. If is important for you to transfer exactly a certain volume we can make custom slots to match the surface tension characteristics of your liquid

Liquid Surface Tension

Effect Of DNA Or BSA Concentration On Slot Pin Transfers Of Uncoated And Hydrophobic Coated Pins (FP3CS500)
Solvent/SampleConcentrationCV%nl FITC TransferredCV%nl FITC Transferred
UncoatedUncoatedHydrophobic CoatedHydrophobic Coated
DMSO (-)08.1353.427.5298.72
DMSO + DNA (mg/ml)0.56.6497.216.6435.86
0.259432.494.1391.93
0.1258.9363.640.9344.75
0.06252.3381.862331.68
0.03131.5378.034.4331.71
0.01561.2357.521.4329.03
Tris (-)04.9577.317.2493.53
Tris + DNA (mg/ml)0.54.5540.531.1477.5
0.254.6518.216.1456.75
0.12515.8583.254.1438.82
0.06254.2551.173.1433.69
0.03134.4536.662.3458.37
0.01562.9528.531.2441.1
Tris + BSA (%)45.4462.1311409.27
14452.862.7426.58
0.2511.7456.451.3408.72
0.06251.1445.226.5393.07
0.01563.7462.853.9430.2
0.00391.5493.542.2437.29
0.0012.9504.250.7475.96
Conclusions

1. Increasing the concentration of DNA (sheared salmon sperm) to .25 mg/ml significantly increases the volume of DMSO liquid transferred for both coated and uncoated FP3S500 Slot Pins.
2. Increasing the concentration of DNA does not significantly increase the volume of Tris buffer (aqueous) transferred by both coated and uncoated FP3S500 Slot Pins.
3. Increasing the concentration of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) significantly decreases the volume of Tris buffer transferred by both coated and uncoated FP3S500 Slot Pins.
4. Hydrophobic coated FP3S500 Slot Pins transferred less DMSO – DNA and less Tris DNA and less Tris BSA than the uncoated FP3S500 Slot Pins.
5. Both coated and uncoated FP3S500 pins transfer significantly more aqueous solution than DMSO.

Effect Of DNA Or BSA Concentration On Slot Pin Transfers Of Uncoated And Hydrophobic Coated Pins (FP1CS50)
Solvent/SampleConcentrationCV%nl FITC TransferredCV%nl FITC Transferred
UncoatedUncoatedHydrophobic CoatedHydrophobic Coated
DMSO (-)04.249.382.149.31
DMSO + DNA (mg/ml)0.54.951.242.656.79
0.251.750.21.249.53
0.1251.551.272.349.77
0.06252.249.344.148.19
0.03131.249.030.250.23
0.01562.445.91.446.64
Tris (-)02.689.512.991.34
Tris + DNA (mg/ml)0.5777.110.684.62
0.253.982.221.684.89
0.1253.985.42185.08
0.06251.585.362.885.03
0.0313284.52388.19
0.01562.682.922.883.2
Conclusions

1. In contrast to the FP3S500 data, increasing the concentration of DNA to .25 mg/ml does not significantly increase the volume of DMSO liquid transferred for both coated and uncoated FP1S50 Slot Pins.
2. Increasing the concentration of DNA does not significantly increase the volume of Tris buffer (aqueous) transferred by both coated and uncoated FP1S50 Slot Pins.
3. In contrast to the FP3S500 data, FP1S50 coated pins transferred about the same volume of DNA at all concentrations as did uncoated pins.
4. Both coated and uncoated FP1S50 pins transfer significantly more aqueous solution than DMSO.
5. The differences between the FP3S500 and the FP1S50 pin may be due to the different pin diameter’s effect on contact angle and therefore on the “wetting” of the pin. See the diagram on the link to / ah energy system.

PinDescriptionnl TransferredCV%
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Total PinUncoated7.412.4
Hydrophobic7.465.4
0.229 mm diameter (FP9)Hanging DropUncoatedN/AN/A
Hydrophobic2.093.8
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Total PinUncoated33.483.2
Hydrophobic28.177.5
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)Hanging DropUncoated16.964.5
Hydrophobic8.510.8
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Total PinUncoated87.323.9
Hydrophobic77.43.9
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)Hanging DropUncoated48.771.2
Hydrophobic43.059.4
1.19 mm diameter  (VP 409 & VP 386)Total PinUncoated247.222.8
Hydrophobic192.672.6
1.19 mm diameter (VP 409 & VP 386)Hanging DropUncoated76.351.6
Hydrophobic108.42.8
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Total PinUncoated273.54.6
Hydrophobic259.253.1
1.58 mm diameter (VP 408 & VP 384)Hanging DropUncoated201.935
Hydrophobic170.047.5

Aqueous Transfer with Solid Pins

Hydrophobic coating pins will reduce the total amount of aqueous HRP liquid transferred and also reduce the amount of non-specific binding to the stainless-steel pins. If the substance you are transferring has high non-specific binding this will be an important factor in selecting your pins.

 

Pin diameter also has an effect on the degree of reduction of liquid transfer with hydrophobic coating as the smaller the diameter the less the reduction of transfer. This is most likely due to the curvature of the pin affecting the wetting contact angle

PinDescriptionnl TransferredCV%
0.457 mm diameter (FP1)6 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated25.610.8
HydrophobicN/AN/A
10 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated23.366.1
Hydrophobic25.856.9
50 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated67.832.5
HydrophobicN/AN/A
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)  100 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated180.327.2
Hydrophobic205.845.5
200 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated277.824.9
Hydrophobic287.33.8
500 nl SlotTotal Pin*Uncoated581.165.2
Hydrophobic555.693

DMSO Transfer with Slot Pins

Hydrophobic coating pins will slightly increase the total amount of DMSO FITC liquid transferred.

PinDescriptionnl TransferredCV%
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)    100 nl Slot Total Pin, Including SlotUncoated195.691.6
Hydrophobic170.22.9
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)  100 nl Slot, Slot OnlyUncoated149.674.9
Hydrophobic129.617.6
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)200 nl Slot Total Pin, Including SlotUncoated269.771.9
Hydrophobic228.6217.1
0.787 mm diameter (FP3)200 nl Slot, Slot OnlyUncoated237.528.9
Hydrophobic186.95.9

Aqueous Transfer with Slot Pins

Although the slots in the pin are a precise volume, the liquid that is transferred is usually more because of the volume carried on the sides of the pins. 

As seen with other aqueous data the amount transferred on hydrophobic coated Slot pins is less than on uncoated Solid or Slot pins. Thus Hydrophobic coating has the most effect on aqueous transfers.

Withdrawl Speeds Impact on Volume Transfer

Solid Pins More affected by Source Plate Volume

Volume Transferred For FP1 Pins (Uncoated) In 96 And 384 Formats
Volume Transferred For FP3 Pins (Uncoated) In 96 And 384 Formats

Note: Same volume (200ul for 96 Format and 74 ul for 384 Format) in recipient plates and same pin withdrawal speed for all pins. Changes to pin withdrawal speed or volume in the source plate can result in different volumes being transferred.

Transfer volumes should always be confirmed by customers for their assay conditions and automated system.

Aqueous Solutions Pin Transfer Volumes Ranges

Aqueous Solutions on Uncoated Pins in 96 Format Microplates(1)
Pin TypePin Diameter(mm)Shape96 Format Low Range(nL)²96 Format High Range(nL)²
FP90.229Solid1339
FP80.356Solid1537
FP10.457Solid2261
FP1S60.4576nL Slot3467
FP1S100.45710nL Slot3974
FP1S500.45750nL Slot90124
FP30.787Solid93213
FP3S1000.787100nL Slot213334
FP3S2000.787200nL Slot311449
FP3S5000.787500nL Slot515671
FP40.914Solid126289
Footnotes: (1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well
Aqueous Solutions on Hydrophobic Pins in 96 Format Microplates(1)
Pin TypePin Diameter(mm)Shape96 Format Low Range(nL)²96 Format High Range(nL)²
FP90.229Solid1338
FP80.356Solid
FP10.457Solid2360
FP1S60.4576nL Slot3367
FP1S100.45710nL Slot4075
FP1S500.45750nL Slot86119
FP30.787Solid76209
FP3S1000.787100nL Slot188324
FP3S2000.787200nL Slot288436
FP3S5000.787500nL Slot473649
FP40.914Solid
Footnotes: (1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well
Aqueous Solution on E-Clip, Uncoated Pins(1)
Pin TypePin Diameter(mm)ShapeLow Range(nL)²High Range(nL)²
FP1.58Solid Pointed175594
FPS.51.58500nL Slot524962
FPS1.581000nL Slot10561476
FPS21.582000nL Slot17392174
FPS51.585000nL Slot51504953
FP61.58Solid Flat465960
FP6S.51.58500nL Slot9341445
FP6S1.581000nL Slot13961930
FP6S21.582000nL Slot20722637
FP6S51.585000nL Slot48204693
Footnotes:(1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well for 96 Format and 75ul source plate volume per well for 384 Format

DMSO Pin Transfer Volume Range Charts

Uncoated Pins in 96 and 384 Format Microplates(1)
Pin TypePin Diameter(mm)Shape96 Format Low Range(nL)²96 Format High Range(nL)²384 Format Low Range(nL)³384 Format High Range(nL)³
FP90.229Solid41038
FP80.35Solid1326618
FP10.457Solid18431131
FP1S60.4576nL Slot24491534
FP1S100.45710nL Slot30542140
FP1S200.45720nL Slot37612746
FP1S300.45730nL Slot46683554
FP1S400.45740nL Slot57784563
FP1S500.45750nL Slot70905675
FP30.787Solid671392979
FP40.91Solid941973498
FP3S1000.787100nL Slot175241114163
FP3S2000.787200nL Slot280332203250
FP3S5000.787500nL Slot535559427464
FP4S10000.911000nL Slot9401011704800
FP4S20000.912000nL Slot1518160812771362
Footnotes: (1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well (3) 75ul source plate volume per well
Hydrophobic-coated Pins in 96 and 384 Format Microplates(1)
Pin TypePin Diameter (mm)Shape96 Format Low Range(nL)²96 Format High Range(nL)²384 Format Low Range(nL)³384 Format High Range(nL)³
FP9H0.229Solid41038
FP8H0.35Solid924617
FP1H0.457Solid1539927
FP1S6H0.4576nL Slot23491432
FP1S10H0.45710nL Slot29532038
FP1S20H0.45720nL Slot35592643
FP1S30H0.45730nL Slot47693553
FP1S40H0.45740nL Slot54754158
FP1S50H0.45750nL Slot69905773
FP3H0.787Solid671342776
FP4H0.91Solid9518932102
FP3S100H0.787100nL Slot170227108164
FP3S200H0.787200nL Slot266320190239
FP3S500H0.787500nL Slot520542416456
FP4S1000H0.911000nL Slot9321000741805
FP4S2000H0.912000nL Slot1571163813511423
Footnotes: (1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well (3) 75ul source plate volume per well
E-Clip, Uncoated Pins, for 96 and 384 Format Microplates(1)
Pin TypeDiameter (mm)Shape96 Format Low Range(nL)²96 Format High Range(nL)²384 Format Low Range(nL)³384 Format High Range(nL)³
FP1.58Solid Pointed147411168395
FPS.51.58500nL Slot442704631843
FPS1.581000nL Slot893113013431498
FPS21.582000nL Slot1911203826072767
FPS51.585000nL Slot3908429651805253
FP61.58Solid Flat323674154398
FP6S.51.58500nL Slot73410428551053
FP6S1.581000nL Slot1210150016381717
FP6S21.582000nL Slot2299238427873068
FP6S51.585000nL Slot4329465652375245
Footnotes:(1) Delivery volume range is determined by speed of withdrawal from source liquid: Z-Speed Range = 1.5-30 mm/sec, slow speed = low volume delivery range, fast speed = high volume delivery range (2) 200ul source plate volume per well (3) 75ul source plate volume per well